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The next slide must show as a circle for the pictures to have the correct aspect ratio.|zThe Physics ofH9Hybrid Vehicles By J. Russell Lemon Russ@FarTooMuch.InfoX:H(* iHow they work & And why&fxHybrid Vehicles0&What follows is a discussion of the interaction of the motor & controller with the battery and an auxiliary source of electrical power [alternator or generator]. It is assumed that you have read:  Physics of Electric Vehicles To go fast and far, minimize your losses.ZZ#Z#Z*Zf!f(f*q  Battery (1)03vThe source of energy for an hybrid vehicles are its battery and alternator. They must supply enough current to the electric motor in order for it to supply the needed torque. They must have enough voltage to force the needed current through the electric motor for the desired speed. They must have enough energy to supply the needed power for the needed amount of time. wZwf  Battery (2)03"U. S. Battery makes an 8 volt battery with a 75 amp discharge time of 85 minutes called the US-8VGC. It has a weight of about 65 lb. 18 batteries in series will supply 144 volts. 18 batteries will weight about 1170 lb. Amp-Hr rating of about 106 min @ 75 A. (178 amp-hr @ 20 hr rate)##f1 lead-acid Cell 03 2.585 volts maximum charging voltage 2.45 volts soft charge  less stress 2.1 volts fully charged  no current - rest 2.01 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 2 volts rated voltage 1.75 volts  0.05 C discharging  20 hr 1.55 volts - 0.6 C discharging  1 hr 1.40 volts  1.0 C discharging  30 min [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.]eef One Battery  03 15.5 volts maximum charging voltage 14.7 volts soft full charge  less stress 12.6 volts fully charged  no current - rest 12.6 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 12 volts rated voltage 10.5 volts  0.05 C discharging  20 hr 9.5 volts - 0.6 C discharging  1 hr 8.4 volts  1.0 C discharging  30 min [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.]fff144 volt Battery Pack 03 186 volts maximum charging voltage 176 volts soft charge  less stress 151 volts fully charged  no current - rest 145 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 144 volts rated voltage 126 volts  0.05 C discharging  20 hr 112 volts - 0.6 C discharging  1 hr 101 volts  1.0 C discharging  30 min [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.][[fElectric Motor03QSeries wound direct current motor In any gear, speed is proportional to RPM Constant torque for even acceleration Torque roughly proportional to current Increasing voltage is necessary to maintain current to maintain torque as vehicle speed and motor RPM increase Batteries must have enough voltage and current to maintain desired speed $QRfA;Electric Motor 203The selected electric motor is the Advanced DC FB1-4001 Diameter is 9.1 Weight is 143 lb Max continuous rated current is 180 A Max 1 hour rated current is 200 A Max 5 minute rated current is 340 A Current is limited by motor temperature Motor speed should be kept under 6000 rpm [High rpm causes rapid brush and bearing wear.]$MLf^Motor Characteristics(03{Torque increases with current. Back voltage increases with current and motor speed [rpm]. [Motors are also a generator].\| f$/$ff3fvVehicle Characteristics03 You select with your foot the current sent to the electric motor. With a constant current you have a constant torque. As the vehicle accelerates from a stop, the controller increases the voltage on the motor to maintain that current until there is no more voltage. [battery voltage reached] As the vehicle continues to accelerate, current and therefore torque decrease, causing acceleration to also decrease until torque is just enough to match losses and you maintain a constant speed. fwVehicle Characteristics 203k In the following graph, for a given foot setting, you follow a constant torque line up to the battery voltage and then follow a horizontal line to the right as rpm and vehicle speed increase. Note the corresponding decrease in torque. You must have enough battery voltage to push the current you need to get the torque you need to go the speed you need. (lfyju{F83NOTICE03 The numbers used on the previous slides were taken from the best information and estimates available. Exact measured numbers were not available. Therefore, notice is given that the conclusions are approximate ballpark estimates. Actual performance to be determined."  f94Charging 0* U.S. Battery recommends that: Voltage not exceed 2.585 V per cell Current not exceed AH/10 Time not exceed 10 hours http://www.usbattery.com/pages/usbspecs.htm In other words, for a  144 volt pack, the charging current should not exceed 165/10 or about 16.5 amps until limited by the total voltage that must not exceed 186 volts. Maximum charge time is 10 hours. Check water level after charge.  %$fY+f>  :5Charging 0m186 volts times 16.5 amps is 3065 watts. That would be about 26 amps from a 120 volt source, or 13 amps from a 240 volts source, not taking into account efficiency of the charger. If time were short, the batteries could be charged at 25 amps. That would be 4650 watts, or almost 20 amps from a 240 volt source. A 30 amp 240 volt service is best for charging. \m$jfk<7. . . ie Hybrid0CFor long trips a small motor-generator can be added to extend range. Motor generators are made to run on a variety of different fuels. Commercial motor-generators include gasoline, diesel, propane, etc. Be sure the controller can take the higher voltage. Voltage should not exceed the maximum battery charging voltage. >D$B(|K fI Physics of Hybrid Vehicles by J. Russell Lemon Russ@FarTooMuch.Info fJf(J J fff"4  04HaThe End`  To Return http://EVAoSD.com $ 0/lVW[\o'q)r*t,14BCD ` ` ̙33` 333MMM` ff3333f` f` f` ff333f>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> f(    6ؔ P  T Click to edit Master title style! !  0   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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The next slide must show as a ci      !"#$%&'()*+3./12456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz|}~rcle for the pictures to have the correct aspect ratio.|zThe Physics ofH9Hybrid Vehicles By J. Russell Lemon Russ@FarTooMuch.InfoX:H(* iHow they work & And why&fxHybrid Vehicles0&What follows is a discussion of the interaction of the motor & controller with the battery and an auxiliary source of electrical power [alternator or generator]. It is assumed that you have read:  Physics of Electric Vehicles To go fast and far, minimize your losses.ZZ#Z#Z*Zf!f(f*q  Battery (1)03vThe source of energy for an hybrid vehicles are its battery and alternator. They must supply enough current to the electric motor in order for it to supply the needed torque. They must have enough voltage to force the needed current through the electric motor for the desired speed. They must have enough energy to supply the needed power for the needed amount of time. wZwf  Battery (2)03"U. S. Battery makes an 8 volt battery with a 75 amp discharge time of 85 minutes called the US-8VGC. It has a weight of about 65 lb. 18 batteries in series will supply 144 volts. 18 batteries will weight about 1170 lb. Amp-Hr rating of about 106 min @ 75 A. (178 amp-hr @ 20 hr rate)##f1 lead-acid Cell 03 2.585 volts maximum charging voltage 2.45 volts soft charge  less stress 2.1 volts fully charged  no current - rest 2.01 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 2 volts rated voltage 1.75 volts  0.05 C discharging  20 hr 1.55 volts - 0.6 C discharging  1 hr 1.40 volts  1.0 C discharging  30 min [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.]eef One Battery  03 15.5 volts maximum charging voltage 14.7 volts soft full charge  less stress 12.6 volts fully charged  no current - rest 12.6 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 12 volts rated voltage 10.5 volts  0.05 C discharging  20 hr 9.5 volts - 0.6 C discharging  1 hr 8.4 volts  1.0 C discharging  30 min [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.]fff144 volt Battery Pack 03 186 volts maximum charging voltage 176 volts soft charge  less stress 151 volts fully charged  no current - rest 145 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 144 volts rated voltage 126 volts  0.05 C discharging  20 hr 112 volts - 0.6 C discharging  1 hr 101 volts  1.0 C discharging  30 min [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.][[fElectric Motor03QSeries wound direct current motor In any gear, speed is proportional to RPM Constant torque for even acceleration Torque roughly proportional to current Increasing voltage is necessary to maintain current to maintain torque as vehicle speed and motor RPM increase Batteries must have enough voltage and current to maintain desired speed $QRfA;Electric Motor 203The selected electric motor is the Advanced DC FB1-4001 Diameter is 9.1 Weight is 143 lb Max continuous rated current is 180 A Max 1 hour rated current is 200 A Max 5 minute rated current is 340 A Current is limited by motor temperature Motor speed should be kept under 6000 rpm [High rpm causes rapid brush and bearing wear.]$MLf^Motor Characteristics(03{Torque increases with current. Back voltage increases with current and motor speed [rpm]. [Motors are also a generator].\| f$/$ff3fvVehicle Characteristics03 You select with your foot the current sent to the electric motor. With a constant current you have a constant torque. As the vehicle accelerates from a stop, the controller increases the voltage on the motor to maintain that current until there is no more voltage. [battery voltage reached] As the vehicle continues to accelerate, current and therefore torque decrease, causing acceleration to also decrease until torque is just enough to match losses and you maintain a constant speed. fwVehicle Characteristics 203k In the following graph, for a given foot setting, you follow a constant torque line up to the battery voltage and then follow a horizontal line to the right as rpm and vehicle speed increase. Note the corresponding decrease in torque. You must have enough battery voltage to push the current you need to get the torque you need to go the speed you need. (lfyju{F83NOTICE03 The numbers used on the previous slides were taken from the best information and estimates available. Exact measured numbers were not available. Therefore, notice is given that the conclusions are approximate ballpark estimates. Actual performance to be determined."  f<7. . . ie Hybrid0CFor long trips a small motor-generator can be added to extend range. Motor generators are made to run on a variety of different fuels. Commercial motor-generators include gasoline, diesel, propane, etc. Be sure the controller can take the higher voltage. Voltage should not exceed the maximum battery charging voltage. >D$B(|K fI Physics of Hybrid Vehicles by J. Russell Lemon Russ@FarTooMuch.Info fJf(J J fff"4  04HaThe End`  To Return http://EVAoSD.com $ 0/4VW[\o't,14BCD ` ` ̙33` 333MMM` ff3333f` f` f` ff333f>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> f(    6ؔ P  T Click to edit Master title style! !  0   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  0d ``  >*  0 `   @*  0P `   @*B  s *޽h ? ff333f Default Design 00(  x  c $c  c x  c $؍c@P`  c B  s *޽h ? ff3333f  L$(  Lr L S <k   k r L S k k H L 0޽h ? ff333f RJ@H(  H H s AX?D:\public_html\evaosd\physics\colorhex6.gifH H 0޽h ? ff333f LDPh(  h h c |AXD:\public_html\evaosd\physics\LemonLabT.gif@ H h 0޽h ? ff333f LD`l(  l l c |AXD:\public_html\evaosd\physics\LemonLabT.pngo07H l 0޽h ? ff333f <0(  <x < c $c` c x < c $̟cP` c B < s *޽h ? ff3333f $(  r  S $cp c r  S cp  c H  0޽h ? ff3333f  4$(  4r 4 S k  k r 4 S <k`  k H 4 0޽h ? ff333f  <0(  <x < c $,SkPpp  k x < c $Sk0  k H < 0޽h ? ff3333f  H0(  Hx H c $}kp  k x H c $h~k  k H H 0޽h ? ff3333f B  p0(  px p c $tcp  c x p c $0c  c H p 0޽h ? ff3333f C 0x0(  xx x c $̑kp  k x x c $\k  k H x 0޽h ? ff3333f D P0(  x  c $ kp  k x  c $ȝk  k H  0޽h ? ff3333f  pX0(  Xx X c $kp  k x X c $k k H X 0޽h ? ff3333f   0(   x   c $Xkp  k x   c $k k H   0޽h ? ff3333f  $(  r  S kP  k r  S x k k B  s *޽h ? ff3333f  ,$(  ,r , S kP  k r , S |k  k H , 0޽h ? ff333f  0$(  0r 0 S (k0  k r 0 S k`  k H 0 0޽h ? ff333f B:p$(  $ $ C rAZJ:\080417RipRuss\EVAoSD\PPTShow\FB1CTorq.bmpH $ 0޽h ? ff333fx4 (  (      C XA@D:\EVAoSD\PPTShow\forceneed.gifH   0޽h ? ff3333f' 0(  x  c $kPp k x  c $k`P k H  0޽h ? ff3333f >6(    s AV \D:\public_html\evaosd\physics\EV3phase.PNG` e 6  S  ? ff333f, P0(  x  c $Pk k x  c $k` k H  0޽h ? ff3333f 4,(    c vARD:\public_html\evaosd\physics\EVtest.PNGL 6  S  ? ff333f1 p 0(   x   c $4k k x   c $k k H   0޽h ? ff3333f $(  r  S l6P   r  S (7 `    B  s *޽h ? ff3333f  X$(  Xr X S [Pp   r X S ~@0   H X 0޽h ? ff333fr '8<UA{ G  O@;0k] 0  M7( 5  6"http://EV  !"#$%&'()*+,./012Oh+'0 `h  Electric VehicleseJ. Russell LemoneRusssse98sMicrosoft PowerPointP@@봨@`-,k@Gg  P& &&#TNPP2OMi & TNPP &&TNPP    --- !---&G&w@/ Xwaw @w f- &Gy& --1q@-- @Times New RomanXwaw @w f- .2 The Physics of;0+51.%+%1.--`8--  3.2 Hybrid VehiclesF.0 0E+0++%.--"Systemӏ f !-&TNPP &KnBv-Omw,;%xZ:· xG|I>ݤiG8s $v ܮ?c5̃Yo^c'#Q"N7>^c'ڎǠ,68I8tA<h9N;] x<`IceA1&x\ފ~yxlk c'S < תXԵ'uHtR;kѶ-}, щc' oڵtxR?KO7@c'Â[Ny^!vbPx9"vrP]iZB )uv{<H.).pUNcvOl s:ڵb<J-g ^SNg Odw 씱مg'鴱S}v :mvo|v᮵c1ct-^k^թcvxLtzHFx}˲;q :.nj.^uqN,"]k1L:.] oQBn[fw*Dgc8=Ȯu]$x= Įi[#tVvMQzrQ::]'g'dv]y:;xRxߎ1~-tv _DϖN%FgjMSImv)X?LiFF:cĖjַKG.M^:{}19x;/{v:;)ztv-%zwbI:; t>v$gGEe˸ѹ!x;ܽ(C< <$Ji08g:W;ɇyxLl£xyy1>NNg2 e`G|4;hvGf'N>|4;hvGf'N>|G DIENDB`n; DjC]AoSD.com< (Russ@FarTooMuch.Infol/ 0DTimes New Roman$[|d0|Wo 0 DComic Sans MSn$[|d0|Wo 0 Bg33(.  @n?" dd@  @@`` : 2 (p% %& '(      *+,b$LTz@qGv $ $ b$/71q6aTI6H $ b$Ӑsa_UIU b$@0'K ب  b$i ƌE7 Έ) b$i9aԤtE_@#  0e0e     A@f A5% 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||S" J /@3q;B ʚ;^ :ʚ;g4ZdZd0pTppp@ <4!d!d 0,\<4dddd 0,\ 2*___PPT9 z? %-&`The Physics ofHHybrid VehiclesH}Circle< Calibrate your video screen or projector. The next slide must show as a circle for the pictures to have the correct aspect ratio.&(|zThe Physics ofH9Hybrid Vehicles By J. Russell Lemon Russ@FarTooMuch.InfoX:H(* iHow they work & And why&fxHybrid Vehicles0&What follows is a discussion of the interaction of the motor & controller with the battery and an auxiliary source of electrical power [alternator or generator]. It is assumed that you have read:  Physics of Electric Vehicles To go fast and far, minimize your losses.ZZ#Z#Z*Zf!f(f*q  Battery (1)03vThe source of energy for an hybrid vehicles are its battery and alternator. They must supply enough current to the electric motor in order for it to supply the needed torque. They must have enough voltage to force the needed current through the electric motor for the desired speed. They must have enough energy to supply the needed power for the needed amount of time. wZwf  Battery (2)03"U. S. Battery makes an 8 volt battery with a 75 amp discharge time of 85 minutes called the US-8VGC. It has a weight of about 65 lb. 18 batteries in series will supply 144 volts. 18 batteries will weight about 1170 lb. Amp-Hr rating of about 106 min @ 75 A. (178 amp-hr @ 20 hr rate)##f1 lead-acid Cell 03 2.585 volts maximum charging voltage 2.45 volts soft charge  less stress 2.1 volts fully charged  no current - rest 2.01 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 2 volts rated voltage 1.75 volts  0.05 C discharging  20 hr 1.55 volts - 0.6 C discharging  1 hr 1.40 volts  1.0 C discharging  30 min [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.]eef One Battery  03 15.5 volts maximum charging voltage 14.7 volts soft full charge  less stress 12.6 volts fully charged  no current - rest 12.6 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 12 volts rated voltage 10.5 volts  0.05 C discharging  20 hr 9.5 volts - 0.6 C discharging  1 hr 8.4 volts  1.0 C discharging  30 min [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.]fff144 volt Battery Pack 03 186 volts maximum charging voltage 176 volts soft charge  less stress 151 volts fully charged  no current - rest 145 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 144 volts rated voltage 126 volts  0.05 C discharging  20 hr 112 volts - 0.6 C discharging  1 hr 101 volts  1.0 C discharging  30 min [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.][[fElectric Motor03QSeries wound direct current motor In any gear, speed is proportional to RPM Constant torque for even acceleration Torque roughly proportional to current Increasing voltage is necessary to maintain current to maintain torque as vehicle speed and motor RPM increase Batteries must have enough voltage and current to maintain desired speed $QRfA;Electric Motor 203The selected electric motor is the Advanced DC FB1-4001 Diameter is 9.1 Weight is 143 lb Max continuous rated current is 180 A Max 1 hour rated current is 200 A Max 5 minute rated current is 340 A Current is limited by motor temperature Motor speed should be kept under 6000 rpm [High rpm causes rapid brush and bearing wear.]$MLf^Motor Characteristics(03{Torque increases with current. Back voltage increases with current and motor speed [rpm]. [Motors are also a generator].\| f$/$ff3fvVehicle Characteristics03 You select with your foot the current sent to the electric motor. With a constant current you have a constant torque. As the vehicle accelerates from a stop, the controller increases the voltage on the motor to maintain that current until there is no more voltage. [battery voltage reached] As the vehicle continues to accelerate, current and therefore torque decrease, causing acceleration to also decrease until torque is just enough to match losses and you maintain a constant speed. fwVehicle Characteristics 203k In the following graph, for a given foot setting, you follow a constant torque line up to the battery voltage and then follow a horizontal line to the right as rpm and vehicle speed increase. Note the corresponding decrease in torque. You must have enough battery voltage to push the current you need to get the torque you need to go the speed you need. (lfyju{F<7Hybrid Vehicle (1)0@For long trips a small motor-generator can be added to extend range. Motor generators are made to run on a variety of different fuels. Commercial motor-generators include gasoline, diesel, propane, etc. Be sure the controller can take the higher voltage. Voltage should not exceed the soft battery charging voltage. >A$?(|K fI Physics of Hybrid Vehicles by J. Russell Lemon Russ@FarTooMuch.Info fJf(J J fff"4  04HaThe End`  To Return http://EVAoSD.com $ 0/VW[\t,14BCD ` ` ̙33` 333MMM` ff3333f` f` f` ff333f>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> f(    6ؔ P  T Click to edit Master title style! !  0   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  0d ``  >*  0 `   @*  0P `   @*6  S  ? ff333f Default Design 00(  x  c $c  c x  c $؍c@P`  c B  s *޽h ? ff3333f  L$(  Lr L S <k   k r L S k k H L 0޽h ? ff333f LD@H(  H H c |A XD:\public_html\evaosd\physics\colorhex6.PNGH H 0޽h ? ff333f :2`l(  l l c |AXD:\public_html\evaosd\physics\LemonLabT.png 6 l S  ? ff333f <0(  <x < c $c` c x < c $̟cP` c B < s *޽h ? ff3333f $(  r  S $cp c r  S cp  c H  0޽h ? ff3333f  4$(  4r 4 S k  k r 4 S <k`  k H 4 0޽h ? ff333f  <0(  <x < c $,SkPpp  k x < c $Sk0  k H < 0޽h ? ff3333f  H0(  Hx H c $}kp  k x H c $h~k  k H H 0޽h ? ff3333f B  p0(  px p c $tcp  c x p c $0c  c H p 0޽h ? ff3333f C 0x0(  xx x c $̑kp  k x x c $\k  k H x 0޽h ? ff3333f D P0(  x  c $ kp  k x  c $ȝk  k H  0޽h ? ff3333f  pX0(  Xx X c $kp  k x X c $k k H X 0޽h ? ff3333f   0(   x   c $Xkp  k x   c $k k H   0޽h ? ff3333f  $(  r  S kP  k r  S x k k B  s *޽h ? ff3333f  ,$(  ,r , S kP  k r , S |k  k H , 0޽h ? ff333f  0$(  0r 0 S (k0  k r 0 S k`  k H 0 0޽h ? ff333f B:p$(  $ $ C rAZJ:\080417RipRuss\EVAoSD\PPTShow\FB1CTorq.bmpH $ 0޽h ? ff333fx4 (  (      C XA@D:\EVAoSD\PPTShow\forceneed.gifH   0޽h ? ff3333f, P0(  x  c $Pk k x  c $k` k H  0޽h ? ff3333f >6(    s AV \D:\public_html\evaosd\physics\EV3phase.PNG` e 6  S  ? ff333f 4,(    c vARD:\public_html\evaosd\physics\EVtest.PNGL 6  S  ? ff333f1 p 0(   x   c $4k k x   c $k k H   0޽h ? ff3333f $(  r  S l6P   r  S (7 `    B  s *޽h ? ff3333f  X$(  Xr X S [Pp   r X S ~@0   H X 0޽h ? ff333fr G\^af<)sAYh{ qCx QjO;zX@p7l#nZ0QSV!| -Uy` qbid !uv7c ~A( 5  6"http://EVAoSD.com< (Russ@FarTooMuch.Infol/ 0DTimes New Roman$[|d0|Wo 0 DComic Sans MSn$[|d0|Wo 0 Bg33(.  @n?" dd@  @@`` z r h, %& '(      *+,-./0123b$LTz@qGv $ $ b$/71q6aTI6H $ b$Ӑsa_UIU b$@0'K ب  b$i ƌE7 Έ) b$i9aԤtE_@#  0e0e     A@f A5% 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||S" J /@3q;B ʚ;^ :ʚ;g4ZdZd0pppp@ <4!d!d 0,\<4dddd 0,\ 2*___PPT9 z? %/`The Physics ofHHybrid VehiclesH}Circle< Calibrate your video screen or projector. The next slide must show as a circle for the pictures to have the correct aspect ratio.&(|zThe Physics ofH9Hybrid Vehicles By J. Russell Lemon Russ@FarTooMuch.InfoX:H(* iHow they work & And why&fxHybrid Vehicles0&What follows is a discussion of the interaction of the motor & controller with the battery and an auxiliary source of electrical power [alternator or generator]. It is assumed that you have read:  Physics of Electric Vehicles To go fast and far, minimize your losses.ZZ#Z#Z*Zf!f(f*q  Battery (1)03vThe source of energy for an hybrid vehicles are its battery and alternator. They must supply enough current to the electric motor in order for it to supply the needed torque. They must have enough voltage to force the needed current through the electric motor for the desired speed. They must have enough energy to supply the needed power for the needed amount of time. wZwf  Battery (2)03"U. S. Battery makes an 8 volt battery with a 75 amp discharge time of 85 minutes called the US-8VGC. It has a weight of about 65 lb. 18 batteries in series will supply 144 volts. 18 batteries will weight about 1170 lb. Amp-Hr rating of about 106 min @ 75 A. (178 amp-hr @ 20 hr rate)##f1 lead-acid Cell 03 2.585 volts maximum charging voltage 2.45 volts soft charge  less stress 2.1 volts fully charged  no current - rest 2.01 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 2 volts rated voltage 1.75 volts  0.05 C discharging  20 hr 1.55 volts - 0.6 C discharging  1 hr 1.40 volts  1.0 C discharging  30 min [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.]eef One Battery  03 15.5 volts maximum charging voltage 14.7 volts soft full charge  less stress 12.6 volts fully charged  no current - rest 12.6 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 12 volts rated voltage 10.5 volts  0.05 C discharging  20 hr 9.5 volts - 0.6 C discharging  1 hr 8.4 volts  1.0 C discharging  30 min [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.]fff144 volt Battery Pack 03 186 volts maximum charging voltage 176 volts soft charge  less stress 151 volts fully charged  no current - rest 145 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 144 volts rated voltage 126 volts  0.05 C discharging  20 hr 112 volts - 0.6 C discharging  1 hr 101 volts  1.0 C discharging  30 min [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.][[fElectric Motor03QSeries wound direct current motor In any gear, speed is proportional to RPM Constant torque for even acceleration Torque roughly proportional to current Increasing voltage is necessary to maintain current to maintain torque as vehicle speed and motor RPM increase Batteries must have enough voltage and current to maintain desired speed $QRfA;Electric Motor 203The selected electric motor is the Advanced DC FB1-4001 Diameter is 9.1 Weight is 143 lb Max continuous rated current is 180 A Max 1 hour rated current is 200 A Max 5 minute rated current is 340 A Current is limited by motor temperature Motor speed should be kept under 6000 rpm [High rpm causes rapid brush and bearing wear.]$MLf^Motor Characteristics(03{Torque increases with current. Back voltage increases with current and motor speed [rpm]. [Motors are also a generator].\| f$/$ff3fvVehicle Characteristics03 You select with your foot the current sent to the electric motor. With a constant current you have a constant torque. As the vehicle accelerates from a stop, the controller increases the voltage on the motor to maintain that current until there is no more voltage. [battery voltage reached] As the vehicle continues to accelerate, current and therefore torque decrease, causing acceleration to also decrease until torque is just enough to match losses and you maintain a constant speed. fwVehicle Characteristics 203k In the following graph, for a given foot setting, you follow a constant torque line up to the battery voltage and then follow a horizontal line to the right as rpm and vehicle speed increase. Note the corresponding decrease in torque. You must have enough battery voltage to push the current you need to get the torque you need to go the speed you need. (lfyju{F<7Hybrid Vehicle (1)0FFor long trips a small motor-generator can be added to extend range. Motor generators are made to run on a variety of different fuels. Commercial motor-generators include gasoline, diesel, propane, etc. Be sure the motor controller can take the higher voltage. Voltage should not exceed the soft battery charging voltage. >G$E(FHybrid Vehicle (2)0lThe main purpose of the auxiliary generator is to provide power to the motor. Therefore the generator must be current limited as it provides its safe maximum current to the motor as the motor causes the system voltage to drop below the battery s nominal voltage. When the motor needs little power, the excess generated power can be used to charge the battery. The generated voltage must not exceed the battery s soft maximum voltage.  $Hybrid Vehicle (3)0hIn other words, the generator first provides power to the motor and then the remainder to charge the battery if an excess is being generated. Direct power to the motor avoids the loss of converting electrical power into chemical power and then back to electrical power. Note that a three-phase alternator is most often used to provide electrical power.  i$iHybrid Vehicle (4)0HThe output of current and voltage from a three-phase alternator has the little ripple. [Short term peak to minimum ratio] A full wave rectified single-phase AC generator has a very high peak to minimum ratio since the minimum is zero. A large inductor can smooth out the current and thus reduce the peak to minimum ratio.  I$I|K fI Physics of Hybrid Vehicles by J. Russell Lemon Russ@FarTooMuch.Info fJf(J J fff"4  04HHybrid Vehicle (4)0 High-end generators have fold-back. This means that as system voltage drops to zero, current output from the generator is limited to a small, safe value. [When the short is removed, the generator returns to normal operation.] aThe End`  To Return http://EVAoSD.com $ 0/lVW[\t,14BCDEFG <0(  <x < c $c` c x < c $̟cP` c B < s *޽h ? ff3333f $(  r  S $cp c r  S cp  c H  0޽h ? ff3333f  4$(  4r 4 S k  k r 4 S <k`  k H 4 0޽h ? ff333f  <0(  <x < c $,SkPpp  k x < c $Sk0  k H < 0޽h ? ff3333f  H0(  Hx H c $}kp  k x H c $h~k  k H H 0޽h ? ff3333f B  p0(  px p c $tcp  c x p c $0c  c H p 0޽h ? ff3333f C 0x0(  xx x c $̑kp  k x x c $\k  k H x 0޽h ? ff3333f D P0(  x  c $ kp  k x  c $ȝk  k H  0޽h ? ff3333f  pX0(  Xx X c $kp  k x X c $k k H X 0޽h ? ff3333f   0(   x   c $Xkp  k x   c $k k H   0޽h ? ff3333f  $(  r  S kP  k r  S x k k B  s *޽h ? ff3333f  ,$(  ,r , S kP  k r , S |k  k H , 0޽h ? ff333f  0$(  0r 0 S (k0  k r 0 S k`  k H 0 0޽h ? ff333f, P0(  x  c $Pk k x  c $k` k H  0޽h ? ff3333fE 0(  x  c $}  x  c $430P  H  0޽h ? ff3333fF 0(  x  c $  x  c $$օ0P  H  0޽h ? ff3333fG 0(  x  c $<  x  c $ 0P  H  0޽h ? ff3333f  0$(  r  S P   r  S T  H  0޽h ? ff333f 0 ((  ^ S     c $tU @    H  0޽h ? ̙33 0 ((  ^ S     c $ޅ @    H  0޽h ? ̙33 0  ((  ^ S     c $ @    H  0޽h ? ̙33r~~vV<ANF0,n f^p~pA( 5  6"http://EVAoSD.com< (Russ@FarTooMuch.Infol/ 0DTimes New Roman$[|d0|Wo 0 DComic Sans MSn$[|d0|Wo 0 Bg33(.  @n?" dd@  @@`` z r h, %& '(      *+,-./0123b$LTz@qGv $ $ b$/71q6aTI6H $ b$Ӑsa_UIU b$@0'K ب  b$i ƌE7 Έ) b$i9aԤtE_@#  0e0e     A@f A5% 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||S" J /@3q;B ʚ;^ :ʚ;g4ZdZd0pppp@ <4!d!d 0,\<4dddd 0,\ 2*___PPT9 z? %/`The Physics ofHHybrid VehiclesH}Circle< Calibrate your video screen or projector. The next slide must show as a circle for the pictures to have the correct aspect ratio.&(|zThe Physics ofH9Hybrid Vehicles By J. Russell Lemon Russ@FarTooMuch.InfoX:H(* iHow they work & And why&fxHybrid Vehicles0&What follows is a discussion of the interaction of the motor & controller with the battery and an auxiliary source of electrical power [alternator or generator]. It is assumed that you have read:  Physics of Electric Vehicles To go fast and far, minimize your losses.ZZ#Z#Z*Zf!f(f*q  Battery (1)03vThe source of energy for an hybrid vehicles are its battery and alternator. They must supply enough current to the electric motor in order for it to supply the needed torque. They must have enough voltage to force the needed current through the electric motor for the desired speed. They must have enough energy to supply the needed power for the needed amount of time. wZwf  Battery (2)03"U. S. Battery makes an 8 volt battery with a 75 amp discharge time of 85 minutes called the US-8VGC. It has a weight of about 65 lb. 18 batteries in series will supply 144 volts. 18 batteries will weight about 1170 lb. Amp-Hr rating of about 106 min @ 75 A. (178 amp-hr @ 20 hr rate)##f1 lead-acid Cell 03 2.585 volts maximum charging voltage 2.45 volts soft charge  less stress 2.1 volts fully charged  no current - rest 2.01 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 2 volts rated voltage 1.75 volts  0.05 C discharging  20 hr 1.55 volts - 0.6 C discharging  1 hr 1.40 volts  1.0 C discharging  30 min [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.]eef One Battery  03 15.5 volts maximum charging voltage 14.7 volts soft full charge  less stress 12.6 volts fully charged  no current - rest 12.6 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 12 volts rated voltage 10.5 volts  0.05 C discharging  20 hr 9.5 volts - 0.6 C discharging  1 hr 8.4 volts  1.0 C discharging  30 min [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.]fff144 volt Battery Pack 03 186 volts maximum charging voltage 176 volts soft charge  less stress 151 volts fully charged  no current - rest 145 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 144 volts rated voltage 126 volts  0.05 C discharging  20 hr 112 volts - 0.6 C discharging  1 hr 101 volts  1.0 C discharging  30 min [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.][[fElectric Motor03QSeries wound direct current motor In any gear, speed is proportional to RPM Constant torque for even acceleration Torque roughly proportional to current Increasing voltage is necessary to maintain current to maintain torque as vehicle speed and motor RPM increase Batteries must have enough voltage and current to maintain desired speed $QRfA;Electric Motor 203The selected electric motor is the Advanced DC FB1-4001 Diameter is 9.1 Weight is 143 lb Max continuous rated current is 180 A Max 1 hour rated current is 200 A Max 5 minute rated current is 340 A Current is limited by motor temperature Motor speed should be kept under 6000 rpm [High rpm causes rapid brush and bearing wear.]$MLf^Motor Characteristics(03{Torque increases with current. Back voltage increases with current and motor speed [rpm]. [Motors are also a generator].\| f$/$ff3fvVehicle Characteristics03 You select with your foot the current sent to the electric motor. With a constant current you have a constant torque. As the vehicle accelerates from a stop, the controller increases the voltage on the motor to maintain that current until there is no more voltage. [battery voltage reached] As the vehicle continues to accelerate, current and therefore torque decrease, causing acceleration to also decrease until torque is just enough to match losses and you maintain a constant speed. fwVehicle Characteristics 203k In the following graph, for a given foot setting, you follow a constant torque line up to the battery voltage and then follow a horizontal line to the right as rpm and vehicle speed increase. Note the corresponding decrease in torque. You must have enough battery voltage to push the current you need to get the torque you need to go the speed you need. (lfyju{F<7Hybrid Vehicle (1)0FFor long trips a small motor-generator can be added to extend range. Motor generators are made to run on a variety of different fuels. Commercial motor-generators include gasoline, diesel, propane, etc. Be sure the motor controller can take the higher voltage. Voltage should not exceed the soft battery charging voltage. >G$E(FHybrid Vehicle (2)0lThe main purpose of the auxiliary generator is to provide power to the motor. Therefore the generator must be current limited as it provides its safe maximum current to the motor as the motor causes the system voltage to drop below the battery s nominal voltage. When the motor needs little power, the excess generated power can be used to charge the battery. The generated voltage must not exceed the battery s soft maximum voltage.  $Hybrid Vehicle (3)0hIn other words, the generator first provides power to the motor and then the remainder to charge the battery if an excess is being generated. Direct power to the motor avoids the loss of converting electrical power into chemical power and then back to electrical power. Note that a three-phase alternator is most often used to provide electrical power.  i$iHybrid Vehicle (4)0HThe output of current and voltage from a three-phase alternator has the little ripple. [Short term peak to minimum ratio] A full wave rectified single-phase AC generator has a very high peak to minimum ratio since the minimum is zero. A large inductor can smooth out the current and thus reduce the peak to minimum ratio.  I$I|K fI Physics of Hybrid Vehicles by J. Russell Lemon Russ@FarTooMuch.Info fJf(J J fff"4  04HHybrid Vehicle (4)0 High-end generators have fold-back. This means that as system voltage drops to zero, current output from the generator is limited to a small, safe value. [When the short is removed, the generator returns to normal operation.] aThe End`  To Return http://EVAoSD.com $ 0/lVW[\t,14BCDEFGr(+%H( 5  6"http://EVAoSD.com< (Russ@FarTooMuch.Info<(Russ@FarTooMuch.Info/ 0DTimes New RomanE|d0|Wo 0 DComic Sans MSnE|d0|Wo 0 B Dh]MfPNG  IHDRAbsRGBgAMA a cHRMz&u0`:pQ<0PLTE{ lIDATxݽՙVӝnS[3< F,31UD06 wNtD':O@t2'wľlDIԻ>,v|оlD3f̛;Olġ$Cw2lD3\U:{3]oiWl %o(Ŝ*;Ȇ%@}DwUJR%Lȑ}anfy`Yfáţ;oiT儳K\:6 z_dOS|E+X/gZ%NYЅBo{նESӶӠ`gڕѬ[n^WLYl;hl >جK@7tXgzT^ѾM?9Ly^:tM35@:9*]7:$lߧ]v :[3`fG ;Y5naz𶟻^U$n 馗[lpvCp~Awۃ9QyKgN4gڹ]67|~.ٛ%F;_wJ|4ԫ1;&>Й1Y 17iQM_Yl>peb0Y/EgC4Ħ qdNt D_ щNSR#BW{R V=9G(lGBK͹ so*3}z5|Z9Msu&{7;ɯ.]55}xkwh|+ײ֛{V~joT;]~{|TWeXxq׋ %Ϡ?CYߩӋgI!__= ϕǢ7"榝}-~NMU]P ~PSG6.PK-{ :щNtD D':щNtWNtD':+D':]\;o *>ǡ:}?ub̹mut|q{mˇ :usSǟ[EO~*6^\^uC̭~7—^muh9 i}KVU_?)sg_Ǫ~Շލ5F0fuI׽ڍõz :@tD':щ^A :щNtD D':щNtWNtD':+D'lfYn+oY~GsςׅߚIx[7B@^- *•x">uAz6ʆRt6_4WF"C%۬l.ّgAqHxщ^ =ٍDzޏf6o,f5\+tOלAvdp-W: XꧯUO_?Ho"D݃QFBߖL I^/V볼RzNzJzFS,Cуw+E%O^}"^y(EEIKMvx^#======= = = PEɥ H18Q(q0#cѣɱ#ʑcqѣQ1#c\F/BO GBO!AO1FHJ^>=xz:y)eӓʋLO,/&Pzz7@$/K} =<7=<3=$(Hybrid Vehicle (2)0dThe main purpose of the auxiliary generator is to provide power to the motor. Therefore the generator must be current limited as it provides its safe maximum current to the motor as the motor causes the system voltage to drop below the battery s nominal voltage. When the motor needs little power, the excess generated power is used to charge the battery. The generated voltage must not exceed the battery s soft maximum voltage.  $Hybrid Vehicle (3)0hIn other words, the generator first provides power to the motor and then the remainder to charge the battery if an excess is being generated. Direct power to the motor avoids the loss of converting electrical power into chemical power and then back to electrical power. Note that a three-phase alternator is most often used to provide electrical power.  i$iHybrid Vehicle (4)0 High-end generators have fold-back. This means that as system voltage drops to zero, current output from the generator is limited to a small, safe value. [When the short is removed, the generator returns to normal operation.] Hybrid Vehicle (5)0The output of current and voltage from a three-phase alternator has the little ripple. [Short term peak to minimum ratio] A full wave rectified single-phase AC generator has a very high peak to minimum ratio since the minimum is zero. A large inductor can smooth out the current and thus reduce the peak to minimum ratio. Circuit shown for a  240 VAC generator . q$q Test Circuits0These circuit diagrams show meters for measuring average and peak voltage. Simple RC [resistor-capacitor] filters are used to decrease the AC component and allow steady DC meter readings. [especially with a digital meter] A diode is used to charge a capacitor for the peak reading. Peak voltage should not exceed maximum soft charge voltage. For both configurations, the generator must limit maximum output current to a safe level.  $aThe End` |K fI Physics of Hybrid Vehicles by J. Russell Lemon Russ@FarTooMuch.Info fJf(J J fff"4  04H To Return http://EVAoSD.com $ 0/VW[\t,14BCDEFGH 00(  x  c $@{E  E x  c ${E@P`  E B  s *޽h ? ff3333f  PlJ(  lr l S C      l C pAXD:\public_html\evaosd\physics\LemonLabT.pngB 0 l C  ? ff333f  L$(  Lr L S  m   m r L S  m m H L 0޽h ? ff333f <0(  <x < c $E E x < c $LE E B < s *޽h ? ff3333f  <0(  <x < c $APpp   x < c $LB0`    H < 0޽h ? ff3333f  H0(  Hx H c $tTp   x H c $`W   H H 0޽h ? ff3333f B  p0(  px p c $[p   x p c $d\   H p 0޽h ? ff3333f C 0x0(  xx x c $mp  m x x c $m  m H x 0޽h ? ff3333f D @0(  x  c $cp   x  c $Pd   H  0޽h ? ff3333f  PX0(  Xx X c $jp   x X c $j  H X 0޽h ? ff3333f  ` 0(   x   c $op   x   c $p8  H   0޽h ? ff3333f  p$(  r  S lsP   r  S (t  B  s *޽h ? ff3333f  ,$(  ,r , S pxP   r , S ,y   H , 0޽h ? ff333f  0$(  0r 0 S ~0   r 0 S `   H 0 0޽h ? ff333f, 0(  x  c $h  x  c $$`  H  0޽h ? ff3333fE 0(  x  c $  x  c $|0P  H  0޽h ? ff3333fF 0(  x  c $x  x  c $40P  H  0޽h ? ff3333f   $(  r  S  _EP  E r  S E E H  0޽h ? ff333f D<(        !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWX  c tAPD:\public_html\evaosd\physics\GenVA.PNGH  0޽h ? ff333fG 0(  x  c $   x  c $ܩ0P  H  0޽h ? ff3333fH 0(  x  c $]`p ] x  c $ؔmpP ] H  0޽h ? ff3333f $(  r  S P   r  S  `    B  s *޽h ? ff3333f1  0(   x   c $$  x   c $ஞ  H   0޽h ? ff3333f  X$(  Xr X S ĸPp   r X S @0   H X 0޽h ? ff333f 0 ((  ^ S    ] c $P] @  ]  H  0޽h ? ̙33r+,"|~<A| Xt ЋDx0z Jv @|Ң,d2H( 5  6"httrTooMuch.Infomailto:Russ@FarTooMuch.Infop://EVAoSD.com< (Russ@FarTooMuch.Info<(Russ@FarTooMuch.Info/ 0DTimes New RomanE|d0|Wo 0 DComic Sans MSnE|d0|Wo 0 B DArialSans MSnE|d0|Wo 0 "g33(.  @n?" dd@  @@``   / !"&')-(   !#$% *+,/01b$LTz@qGv b$ DjC]h]MfC = $ b$/71q6aTI6H $ b$Ӑsa_UIU b$@0'K ب  b$i ƌE7 Έ) b$i9aԤtE_@#  0e0e     A@f A5% 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||S" 'Y>@3q;B ʚ;^ :ʚ;g4ZdZd0pppp@ <4!d!d 0,tF<4dddd 0,tF 2*___PPT9 z? %m5`The Physics ofHHybrid VehiclesH&J. Russell Lemon Russ@FarTooMuch.Info ''$" 0%}Circle< Calibrate your video screen or projector. The next slide must show as a circle for the pictures to have the correct aspect ratio.&(|zThe Physics ofH9Hybrid Vehicles By J. Russell Lemon Russ@FarTooMuch.InfoZ:H$* iHow they work & And why&fxHybrid Vehicles0&What follows is a discussion of the interaction of the motor & controller with the battery and an auxiliary source of electrical power [alternator or generator]. It is assumed that you have read:  Physics of Electric Vehicles To go fast and far, minimize your losses.ZZ#Z#Z*Zf!f(f*q Battery Pack 03zThe sources of energy for an hybrid vehicles are its battery and its alternator. They must supply enough current to the electric motor in order for it to supply needed torque. They must provide enough voltage to force the needed current through the electric motor at the desired speed. They must have enough energy to supply the needed power for the needed amount of time. {Z{f  12 V Battery 03UU. S. Battery makes a 12 volt battery with a 75 amp discharge time of 72 minutes called the EV 145 XC. Its 20 hr amp-hr rating is 145 amp-hrs. It has a weight of about 86 lb. 12 batteries in series will supply 144 volts. 12 batteries will weight about 1031 lb. Energy of 12 batteries at 75 amps is almost 13 kW-hr 144 V x 75 A is 10.8 kWVZVf1 lead-acid Cell 03 2.585 volts maximum charging voltage 2.45 volts soft charge  less stress 2.1 volts fully charged  no current - rest 2.01 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 2 volts rated voltage 1.75 volts  0.05 C discharging  20 hr 1.55 volts - 0.6 C discharging  1 hr 1.40 volts  1.0 C discharging  30 min [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.]eef One Battery  03 15.5 volts maximum charging voltage 14.7 volts soft full charge  less stress 12.6 volts fully charged  no current - rest 12.6 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 12 volts rated voltage 10.5 volts  0.05 C discharging  20 hr 9.5 volts - 0.6 C discharging  1 hr 8.4 volts  1.0 C discharging  30 min [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.]fff144 volt Battery Pack 03 186 volts maximum charging voltage 176 volts soft charge  less stress 151 volts fully charged  no current - rest 145 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 144 volts rated voltage 126 volts  0.05 C discharging  20 hr 112 volts - 0.6 C discharging  1 hr 101 volts  1.0 C discharging  30 min [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.][[fElectric Motor03QSeries wound direct current motor In any gear, speed is proportional to RPM Constant torque for even acceleration Torque roughly proportional to current Increasing voltage is necessary to maintain current to maintain torque as vehicle speed and motor RPM increase Batteries must have enough voltage and current to maintain desired speed $QRfA;Electric Motor 203The selected electric motor is the Advanced DC FB1-4001 Diameter is 9.1 Weight is 143 lb Max continuous rated current is 180 A Max 1 hour rated current is 200 A Max 5 minute rated current is 340 A Current is limited by motor temperature Motor speed should be kept under 6000 rpm [High rpm causes rapid brush and bearing wear.]$MLf^Motor Characteristics(03{Torque increases with current. Back voltage increases with current and motor speed [rpm]. [Motors are also a generator].\| f$/$ff3fvVehicle Characteristics03 You select with your foot the current sent to the electric motor. With a constant current you have a constant torque. As the vehicle accelerates from a stop, the controller increases the voltage on the motor to maintain that current until there is no more voltage. [battery voltage reached] As the vehicle continues to accelerate, current and therefore torque decrease, causing acceleration to also decrease until torque is just enough to match losses and you maintain a constant speed. fwVehicle Characteristics 203k In the following graph, for a given foot setting, you follow a constant torque line up to the battery voltage and then follow a horizontal line to the right as rpm and vehicle speed increase. Note the corresponding decrease in torque. You must have enough battery voltage to push the current you need to get the torque you need to go the speed you need. (lfyju{F<7Hybrid Vehicle (1)0The motor-generator is added to extend range. Motor generators are made to run on a variety of different fuels. Commercial motor-generators include gasoline, diesel, propane & CNG. Be sure the motor controller can take the maximum charging voltage. Voltage should not exceed the soft battery charging voltage. For long trips, the motor generator must supply enough power to maintain freeway speed. >$(Hybrid Vehicle (2)0dThe main purpose of the auxiliary generator is to provide power to the motor. Therefore the generator must be current limited as it provides its safe maximum current to the motor as the motor causes the system voltage to drop below the battery s nominal voltage. When the motor needs little power, the excess generated power is used to charge the battery. The generated voltage must not exceed the battery s soft maximum voltage.  $Hybrid Vehicle (3)0hIn other words, the generator first provides power to the motor and then the remainder to charge the battery if an excess is being generated. Direct power to the motor avoids the loss of converting electrical power into chemical power and then back to electrical power. Note that a three-phase alternator is most often used to provide electrical power.  i$iHybrid Vehicle (4)0 High-end generators have fold-back. This means that as system voltage drops to zero, current output from the generator is limited to a small, safe value. [When the short is removed, the generator returns to normal operation.] Hybrid Vehicle (5)0The output of current and voltage from a three-phase alternator has the little ripple. [Short term peak to minimum ratio] A full wave rectified single-phase AC generator has a very high peak to minimum ratio since the minimum is zero. A large inductor can smooth out the current and thus reduce the peak to minimum ratio. Circuit shown for a  240 VAC generator . q$q Test Circuits0These circuit diagrams show meters for measuring average and peak voltage. Simple RC [resistor-capacitor] filters are used to decrease the AC component and allow steady DC meter readings. [especially with a digital meter] A diode is used to charge a capacitor for the peak reading. Peak voltage should not exceed maximum soft charge voltage. For both configurations, the generator must limit maximum output current to a safe level.  $aThe End` |K fFPhysics of Hybrid Vehicles by J. Russell Lemon Russ@FarTooMuch.Info vG 0>f<'ff"1  01E To Return http://EVAoSD.com $ 0/VW[\t,14BCDEFGH1 LD (   x   c $$  x   c $ஞ     c |AXD:\public_html\evaosd\physics\LemonLabT.png` H   0޽h ? ff3333fr|npdJ( 5  6"http://EVAoSD.com< (Russ@FarTooMuch.Info<(Russ@FarTooMuch.Info/ 0DTimes New RomanE|d0|Wo 0DComic Sans MSnE|d0|Wo 0 B DArialSans MSnE|d0|Wo 0 "g33(.  @n?" dd@  @@``   1-#!1!     !  $%&) (',./b$LTz@qGv b$ DjC]h]MfC = $ b$/71q6aTI6H $ b$Ӑsa_UIU b$@0'K ب  b$i ƌE7 Έ) b$i9aԤtE_@#  0e0e     A@f A5% 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||S" 'Y>@3q;B ʚ;^ :ʚ;g4ZdZd0pppp@ <4!d!d 0,F<4dddd 0,F 2*___PPT9 z? %7`The Physics ofHHybrid VehiclesH&J. Russell Lemon Russ@FarTooMuch.Info ''$" 0%}Circle< Calibrate your video screen or projector. The next slide must show as a circle for the pictures to have the correct aspect ratio.&(|zThe Physics ofH9Hybrid Vehicles By J. Russell Lemon Russ@FarTooMuch.InfoZ:H$* iHow they work & And why&fxHybrid Vehicles0&What follows is a discussion of the interaction of the motor & controller with the battery and an auxiliary source of electrical power [alternator or generator]. It is assumed that you have read:  Physics of Electric Vehicles To go fast and far, minimize your losses.ZZ#Z#Z*Zf!f(f*q Battery Pack 03zThe sources of energy for an hybrid vehicles are its battery and its alternator. They must supply enough current to the electric motor in order for it to supply needed torque. They must provide enough voltage to force the needed current through the electric motor at the desired speed. They must have enough energy to supply the needed power for the needed amount of time. {Z{f  12 V Battery 03UU. S. Battery makes a 12 volt battery with a 75 amp discharge time of 72 minutes called the EV 145 XC. Its 20 hr amp-hr rating is 145 amp-hrs. It has a weight of about 86 lb. 12 batteries in series will supply 144 volts. 12 batteries will weight about 1031 lb. Energy of 12 batteries at 75 amps is almost 13 kW-hr 144 V x 75 A is 10.8 kWVZVf1 lead-acid Cell 03 2.585 volts maximum charging voltage 2.45 volts soft charge  less stress 2.1 volts fully charged  no current - rest 2.01 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 2 volts rated voltage 1.75 volts  20 hr 0.05 C discharging 1.55 volts  1 hr 0.6 C discharging 1.40 volts  30 min 1.0 C discharging [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.]``f One Battery  03 15.5 volts maximum charging voltage 14.7 volts soft full charge  less stress 12.6 volts fully charged  no current - rest 12.1 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 12 volts rated voltage 10.5 volts  20 hr 0.05 C discharging 9.5 volts  1 hr 0.6 C discharging 8.4 volts  30 min 1.0 C discharging [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.]ccf144 volt Battery Pack 03 186 volts maximum charging voltage 176 volts soft charge  less stress 151 volts fully charged  no current - rest 145 volts 75+% DoD  no current - rest 144 volts rated voltage 126 volts  20 hr 0.05 C discharging 112 volts  1 hr 0.6 C discharging 101 volts  30 min 1.0 C discharging [C is amp-hr rating for 20 hours.]WWfElectric Motor03QSeries wound direct current motor In any gear, speed is proportional to RPM Constant torque for even acceleration Torque roughly proportional to current Increasing voltage is necessary to maintain current to maintain torque as vehicle speed and motor RPM increase Batteries must have enough voltage and current to maintain desired speed $QRfA;Electric Motor 203The selected electric motor is the Advanced DC FB1-4001 Diameter is 9.1 Weight is 143 lb Max continuous rated current is 180 A Max 1 hour rated current is 200 A Max 5 minute rated current is 340 A Current is limited by motor temperature Motor speed should be kept under 6000 rpm [High rpm causes rapid brush and bearing wear.]$MLf^Motor Characteristics(03{Torque increases with current. Back voltage increases with current and motor speed [rpm]. [Motors are also a generator].\| f$/$ff3fvVehicle Characteristics03 You select with your foot the current sent to the electric motor. With a constant current you have a constant torque. As the vehicle accelerates from a stop, the controller increases the voltage on the motor to maintain that current until there is no more voltage. [battery voltage reached] As the vehicle continues to accelerate, current and therefore torque decrease, causing acceleration to also decrease until torque is just enough to match losses and you maintain a constant speed. fwVehicle Characteristics 203k In the following graph, for a given foot setting, you follow a constant torque line up to the battery voltage and then follow a horizontal line to the right as rpm and vehicle speed increase. Note the corresponding decrease in torque. You must have enough battery voltage to push the current you need to get the torque you need to go the speed you need. (lfyju{F<7Hybrid Vehicle (1)0The motor-generator is added to extend range. Motor generators are made to run on a variety of different fuels. Commercial motor-generators include gasoline, diesel, propane & CNG. Be sure the motor controller can take the maximum charging voltage. Voltage should not exceed the soft battery charging voltage. For long trips, the motor generator must supply enough power to maintain freeway speed. >$(Hybrid Vehicle (2)0dThe main purpose of the auxiliary generator is to provide power to the motor. Therefore the generator must be current limited as it provides its safe maximum current to the motor as the motor causes the system voltage to drop below the battery s nominal voltage. When the motor needs little power, the excess generated power is used to charge the battery. The generated voltage must not exceed the battery s soft maximum voltage.  $Hybrid Vehicle (3)0hIn other words, the generator first provides power to the motor and then the remainder to charge the battery if an excess is being generated. Direct power to the motor avoids the loss of converting electrical power into chemical power and then back to electrical power. Note that a three-phase alternator is most often used to provide electrical power.  i$iHybrid Vehicle (4)0 High-end generators have fold-back. This means that as system voltage drops to zero, current output from the generator is limited to a small, safe value. [When the short is removed, the generator returns to normal operation.] Hybrid Vehicle (5)0The output of current and voltage from a three-phase alternator has little ripple. [Short term peak to minimum ratio] A full wave rectified single-phase AC generator has a very high peak to minimum ratio since the minimum is zero. A large inductor can smooth out the current and thus reduce the peak to minimum ratio. Circuit shown for a  240 VAC generator . m$m Test Circuits0These circuit diagrams show meters for measuring average and peak voltage. Simple RC [resistor-capacitor] filters are used to decrease the AC component and allow steady DC meter readings. [especially with a digital meter] A diode is used to charge a capacitor for the peak reading. Peak voltage should not exceed maximum soft charge voltage. For both configurations, the generator must limit maximum output current to a safe level.  $Comment0Note that for the same power, 3-phase alternators are much smaller and lighter then 60 Hz generators. Since alternators do not have the 60 Hz limitation, they can run faster, trading speed for torque that requires larger unit size. The three 120 V 120 A windings of an alternator provide more power then 2 120 V 120 A windings of a single phase generator. The inherit low ripple of an alternator is a definite advantage when smooth direct current is needed.  $aThe End` |K fFPhysics of Hybrid Vehicles by J. Russell Lemon Russ@FarTooMuch.Info vG 0>f<'ff"1  01E To Return http://EVAoSD.com $ 0/VW[\t,14BCDEFGHI B @p0(  px p c $|lp  l x p c $$l  l H p 0޽h ? ff3333f C `x0(  xx x c $